Selasa, 26 November 2013

Smart, Educated Women Make Better Mothers

"Smart women make better mothers."

Whether a young man's mother earned a college degree and whether she worked outside the home while he was growing up seems to have an effect years later when he considers his ideal wife, according to a study by University of Iowa sociologist Christine Whelan.

High-achieving men -- those who earn salaries in the top 10 percent for their age and/or have a graduate degree -- are highly likely to marry a woman whose education level mirrors their mom's.

Nearly 80 percent of the high-achieving men whose mothers had college degrees married women with college degrees, and 19 percent of them married women with graduate degrees. Of men whose moms had graduate degrees, 62 percent tied the knot with graduate degree holders, and 27 percent said "I do" to women with college degrees.

Sixty-eight percent of high-achieving men agreed with the statement, "Smart women make better mothers."

"Successful men in their 20s and 30s today are the sons of a pioneering generation of high-achieving career women. Their mothers serve as role models for how a woman can be nurturing and successful at the same time," said Whelan, a visiting assistant professor of sociology in the UI College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Men are attracted to women who are successful.

"One man I interviewed put it like this: 'If your mother is a success, you don't have any ideas of success and family that exclude a woman from working.  I think we should thank those moms for leading the way toward gender equality for a younger generation."

Whelan is the author of "Why Smart Men Marry Smart Women" (Simon & Schuster, 2006), the first book to shatter the myth that success and spinsterhood go hand in hand.

With UI graduate student Christie Boxer, Whelan analyzed data from a Harris Interactive survey of more than 3,700 Americans. The January survey included a nationally representative group of 1,629 high-achieving men and women ages 25-40. The May survey involved a nationally representative group of 2,073 adult Americans.

The researchers discovered that 72 percent of mothers of high-achieving men worked outside the home after they had children. Among those men, three-quarters agreed or strongly agreed with the statement "Men are more attracted to women who are successful in their careers." Men who grew up with working moms were almost twice as likely to marry a woman who makes $50,000 or more per year.

"These young men saw their mothers as smart women who could choose to work outside the home, and now that they're making decisions about what they want in a wife, it seems that they are choosing similar types of women," Boxer said.
  • Sixty-two percent of high-achieving single men disagreed with the statement "Women who are stay-at-home parents are better mothers than women who work outside the home."
  • Almost three-quarters of the high-achieving men disagreed with the statement, "It is usually better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family."
The study reinforces findings from others in the field: "Younger men are much more egalitarian about marriage in general. They grew up with working mothers. Fifty-four million women work and an awful lot of those women are mothers. Their sons aren't looking for 'Leave It to Beaver' in their own house," said researcher Randi Minetor, author of "Breadwinner Wives and the Men They Marry."
*  *  *  *  *





Story Source:  Materials provided by the University of Iowa Health Sciences (2008, May 7). It Might Be True That 'Men Marry Their Mothers'. ScienceDaily

More Employees Use Personal Devices at Work Despite Risks

【Unlocking Word Meanings】
 今日の単語・フレーズ

Read the following words/expressions found in today’s article. 

1. commonplace [KOM-uh n-pleys]  (n.) – something well-known or common
Example:  All employees chose to use the old procedure because they consider it their commonplace.

2. gain traction [geyn TRAK-shuhn] (idiom) –  to attain widespread popularity or acceptance
Example:  Tablet computers are now gaining traction as more consumers move away from traditional laptops and desktops.

3. contravene [kon-truh-VEEN] (v.) – to violate or disobey
Example: The assistant was fired after contravening the company’s policy against leaking confidential documents.

4. workflow [WURK-floh] (n.) – a sequence of steps or processes that a person follows when doing his or her work
Example: It is difficult to get used to the company’s new workflow because I have gotten used to my own way of doing things.

5. remote wipe [ri-MOHT wahyp] (n. phrase) – a feature in electronic devices that allows the user to remotely erase the data on a device in case it is lost or stolen
Example:  After my phone was stolen, I immediately called the IT department and asked them to perform a remote wipe.


【Article】
 ニュース記事

Read the text below.

A new survey has found that more and more employees are bringing their own electronic devices in the workplace despite the security risks that come with doing so.

The survey, conducted by Fortinet, comes at a time when smartphones are a commonplace, and cloud services like Dropbox and Google Docs are gaining traction in the mainstream market. Fortinet conducted the survey among 3,200 respondents, who were asked about BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies in their workplace and their use of personal devices and cloud services at work.

Results showed that 50% of the respondents would be willing to contravene any company policy that bans personal devices in the workplace. Meanwhile, 36% said they would do the same for cloud services like Dropbox and Google Docs.

Furthermore, the study revealed that people generally have lack of awareness about the various security threats against smartphones, computers, and online services, as well as the best practices to follow when using personal devices at work. For instance, 14% of respondents said they would not tell their employers if their smartphone was hacked or stolen.

Although using personal devices and established personal workflows may be convenient to most employees, many IT departments enforce strict rules to protect sensitive company information.

For example, most companies prefer company-issued smartphones that have encryption and remote wipe features. Many companies also enforce limitations on how company files may be accessed. These limitations specifically prohibit the uploading of files to cloud services like Dropbox in order to prevent accidental leaks of corporate data.

【Viewpoint Discussion】
 ディスカッションテーマ

Enjoy a discussion with your tutor.  

Discussion A

         Do you think it is important to follow a company’s policy regarding the use of personal devices at work? Why or why not?
         If you were given a choice, would you rather use a company-issued phone or your own phone for your job? Explain.

Discussion B

         How do you think companies can protect their private and confidential information?
         In your opinion, why is privacy important in companies?


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Men, Women, Sex, & Regret

There are both profound and subtle differences between men and women.  Given the all too human drive for sex, it's interesting to see how men and women differ in their attitudes toward the fabled one-night-stand, a favorite device of the novelist in many genre's.

In the largest, most in-depth study to date on regret surrounding sexual activity, a team of psychology researchers found a stark difference between the remorse men and women and women feel after a tryst, published in the current issue of Archives of Sexual Behavior.

In simplest terms,
  • men are more likely to regret not taking action on a potential liaison, and
  • women are more remorseful for engaging in one-time liaisons.
This is probably not a great surprise to any author, and now this common knowledge is scientifically supported.

Evolutionary pressures probably explain the gender difference in sexual regret, says researcher Martie Haselton, who earned her Ph.D. in psychology at UT Austin.

"For men throughout evolutionary history, every missed opportunity to have sex with a new partner is potentially a missed reproduce opportunity -- a costly loss from an evolutionary perspective." Haselton says. "But for women, reproduction required much more investment in each offspring, including nine months of pregnancy and potentially two additional years of breastfeeding. The consequences of casual sex were so much higher for women than for men, and this is likely to have shaped emotional reactions to sexual liaisons even today."

In three studies the researchers asked participants about their sexual regrets. In the first study, 200 respondents evaluated hypothetical scenarios in which someone regretted pursuing or failing to pursue an opportunity to have sex. They were then asked to rate their remorse on a five-point scale.

In the second study, 395 participants were given a list of common sexual regrets and were asked to indicate which ones they have personally experienced.

The last study replicated the second one with a larger sample of 24,230 individuals that included gay, lesbian and bisexual respondents.
 Among the findings:
  • The top three most common regrets for women are:
    • losing virginity to the wrong partner (24 percent),
    • cheating on a present or past partner (23 percent) and
    • moving too fast sexually (20 percent).
  • For men, the top three regrets are:
    • being too shy to make a move on a prospective sexual partner (27 percent),
    • not being more sexually adventurous when young (23 percent) and
    • not being more sexually adventurous during their single days (19 percent).
  • More women (17 percent) than men (10 percent) included "having sex with a physically unattractive partner" as a top regret.
  • Although rates of actually engaging in casual sex were similar overall among participants (56 percent), women reported more frequent and more intense regrets about it.
  • Comparing gay men and lesbian women, and bisexual men and bisexual women, a similar pattern held -- women tended to regret casual sexual activity more than men did.
Regret comes after the fact, so it's not protective, Haselton notes. But it might help women avoid a potentially costly action again.

"One thing that is fascinating about these emotional reactions in the present is that they might be far removed from the reproductive consequences of the ancestral past," Haselton says. "For example, we have reliable methods of contraception. But that doesn't seem to have erased the sex differences in women's and men's responses, which might have a deep evolutionary history."
*  *  *  * *




Story Source:  Andrew Galperin, Martie G. Haselton, David A. Frederick, Joshua Poore, William Hippel, David M. Buss, Gian C. Gonzaga. Sexual Regret: Evidence for Evolved Sex Differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2012

Senin, 25 November 2013

Gas Station to Use Face Scanners for Targeted Ads

【Unlocking Word Meanings】
 今日の単語・フレーズ

Read the following words/expressions found in today’s article. 

1. implement [IM-pluh-ment, -muh nt ] (v.) – to carry out or to execute something
Example: The management of the department store implemented new rules about the employee’s attendance.  

2. novel [NOV-uh l] (adj.) – new and different from what was previously known
Example: The consultants came up with novel ways of addressing the company’s problems.

3. boutique [boo-TEEK] (n.) – a small shop that sells fashionable clothing or other specialty items
Example: According to the owner, many celebrities visit her boutique to buy unique, handmade jewelry.

4. watchdog [WOCH-dawg] (n.) – an organization that watches governments and companies and ensures that they do not do anything unethical or illegal
Example: Several environmental watchdogs criticized the government for its poor handling of the oil spill.

5. discriminating [dih-SKRIM-uh-ney-ting] (adj.) – having the ability to know what things have good quality from things with low quality
Example:  Today’s consumers are more discriminating about the calorie content of the food they buy.


【Article】
 ニュース記事

Read the text below.

A gas station chain in the UK has started implementing targeted advertising based on the physical appearance and the shopping habits of its customers.

The company, Tesco, is installing face recognition technology across its 450 gas stations. This face recognition technology can estimate the age and gender of its customers. This information, together with the information about the purchases, will be used to tailor the advertisements that the shoppers will see in the stations.

For example, Tesco would be able to predict that a middle-aged woman buying gas early in the morning might want to grab a coffee on her way to work. On the other hand, a young man would probably be inclined to buy a soft drink.

While it is novel to most people, this technology has actually been used commercially. In Las Vegas, the Venetian [vuh-NEE-shuh n] resort and casino employs video monitors that suggest restaurants and establishments to guests based on their physical appearance. In Italy, some luxury boutiques use mannequins with built-in cameras that monitor shoppers.

According to Peter Cattell of Tesco, these tailored ads enhance the shopping experience of the customers. He also reassured the public that the scanners do not capture images, record videos, or collect any personal data.

Some British citizens, however, worry that Tesco might be going too far. Nick Pickles, head of privacy watchdog Big Brother, believes that if people knew which places in their city use electronic tracking technology, they would probably be more discriminating about which establishments they visit.

【Viewpoint Discussion】
 ディスカッションテーマ

Enjoy a discussion with your tutor.  

Discussion A

         Do you think it is ethical for Tesco to use face scanning technology in its stations? Why or why not?
         Do you think targeted advertisements are more beneficial than disadvantageous? Explain.

Discussion B

         Why do you think advertising is important?
         In your opinion, what makes an advertisement successful? Discuss.


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Minggu, 24 November 2013

African Wheelchair Tennis Player Targets First Place

【Unlocking Word Meanings】
 今日の単語・フレーズ

Read the following words/expressions found in today’s article. 

1. accomplishment [uh-KOM-plish-muh nt] (n.) – an achievement or anything that was done successfully
Example: His accomplishments include winning several medals in the tournament.

2. attitude [AT-i-tood, -tyood] (n.) – the way a person thinks or behaves
Example: Being optimistic is a good attitude.

3. limb [lim] (n.) – one’s arm or leg
Example: Johnny can no longer walk because he lost his lower limbs after the car accident.

4. amputee [am-pyoo-TEE] (n.) – someone who has lost all or part of the arm, leg, hand, etc.
Example: He became an amputee after he lost his right leg.

5. eminent [EM-uh-nuh nt] (adj.) – outstanding or renowned
Example: The eminent athlete is very influential.


【Article】
 ニュース記事

Read the text below.
Lucas Sithole, a triple amputee, made history when he won a title at the 2013 US Open tennis tournament in September this year.

Currently, he is ranked number two in the world wheelchair quad singles division. He has also become famous in South Africa after being the first African to win a title in the US Open.

The 26-year-old athlete lost both his lower limbs and most of his right arm in a train accident during his childhood. Although he had many difficulties, he made it through this tragedy with the support of his family. His positive attitude towards life also helped him attain what he has right now.

Instead of being miserable and staying at home, Sithole learned different sports such as rugby, basketball, and tennis. Among these sports, he decided to focus on tennis as it is not very popular in Africa. He also finds tennis really challenging.

Holger Losch [losh] has been Sithole’s coach ever since he started playing tennis. Losch finds Sithole inspiring for he has an ability to overcome the challenges he faces. Sithole also has a great potential, said the coach.

The wheelchair tennis player has been playing professionally for two and a half years, but is far from being satisfied with all his accomplishments. The eminent player aims to win gold at the Paralympic Games in 2016. He also wants to be the world’s number one player in the men’s quad singles wheelchair tennis division.

【Viewpoint Discussion】
 ディスカッションテーマ

Enjoy a discussion with your tutor.  

Discussion A

         In what way can Lucas Sithole’s story be an inspiration to other people? Please explain your answer.
         What do you think is the major reason why Lucas was able to have such accomplishments? Why do you think so?

Discussion B

         What challenging situation have you overcome? Please tell your tutor about it.
         How do you think people should deal with challenges in their lives? Please explain your answer.


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Poor Mental Health, Casual Sex Reinforce Each Other


Self-loathing and disgust are all too often the result of a one night stand - for both men and women.

Now study suggests that poor mental health and casual sex actually feed off each other in teens and young adults, with each one contributing to the other over time.


Researchers found that teens who showed depressive symptoms were more likely than others to engage in casual sex as young adults. In addition, those who engaged in casual sex were more likely to later seriously consider suicide.

“Several studies have found a link between poor mental health and casual sex, but the nature of that association has been unclear,” said Sara Sandberg-Thoma, lead author of the study at The Ohio State University.

“There’s always been a question about which one is the cause and which is the effect. This study provides evidence that poor mental health can lead to casual sex, but also that casual sex leads to additional declines in mental health.”

Poor mental health and casual sex  linked for both men and women
One surprising finding was that the link between casual sex and mental health was the same for both men and women.

“That was unexpected because there is still this sexual double standard in society that says it is OK for men to have casual sexual relationships, but it is not OK for women,” Kamp Dush said.

“But these results suggest that poor mental health and casual sex are linked, whether you’re a man or a woman.”

The study used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. About 10,000 adolescents from 80 high schools and 52 middle schools were interviewed when they were in grades 7 through 12 and then again when they were aged 18 to 26.

Overall, 29 percent of the respondents reported engaging in any casual sexual relationship. These were defined as any relationship in which the participant reported he or she was “only having sex with partner” as opposed to dating. This included 33 percent of men and 24 percent of women.

The results showed that participants who reported serious thoughts of suicide or more depressive symptoms as teens were significantly more likely to report having casual sexual relationships when they were young adults.

Casual sex, in turn, was linked to further declines in mental health. Specifically, those who had casual sex in their late teens and early 20s were significantly more likely to have serious thoughts of suicide as young adults, results showed. In fact, each additional casual sex relationship increased the odds of suicidal thoughts by 18 percent.

However, casual sex in late teens and early 20s was not associated with changes in depression as a young adult.

Casual sex linked to thoughts of suicide
The researchers are not sure why casual sex was linked to later serious consideration of suicide, but not depressive symptoms, in these participants. It may be that depressive symptoms fluctuate during adolescence and it is hard to capture an accurate reading when measured just twice, as in this study, Kamp Dush said.

The results point to a possible “cyclical pattern” in which poor mental health leads to casual sex, which leads to further declines in mental health, Sandberg-Thoma said.
*  *  *  *  *
Related reading from Powell's Books ~

The Suicidal Mind
by Edwin S. Shneidman
Powells.com


Story Source:  Sara E. Sandberg-Thoma, Claire M. Kamp Dush. Casual Sexual Relationships and Mental Health in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Sex Research, 2013

Sabtu, 23 November 2013

Eating Blueberries Prevents Some Health Problems

【Unlocking Word Meanings】
 今日の単語・フレーズ

Read the following words/expressions found in today’s article. 

1. obesity [oh-BEE-si-tee] (n.) – the condition of being very fat or overweight in an unhealthy way
Example: Obesity has become a big problem in the US as many Americans now prefer fast food.

2. hypertension [hahy-per-TEN-shuh n] (n.) – the state of having abnormally high blood pressure
Example: Being overweight and lack of exercise may cause hypertension.

3. equivalent [ih-KWIV-uh-luh nt, ee-kwuh-VEY-luh nt] (adj.) – equal or has the same effect or value as another thing
Example: One kilogram is equivalent to 1000 grams.   

4. raw [raw] (adj.) – uncooked or fresh
Example: One can get more nutritional benefits when eating raw carrots rather than the cooked ones.

5. maximize [MAK-suh-mahyz] (v.) – to increase something to the greatest amount or level possible
Example: Eating raw vegetables maximizes the nutrition one can get.


【Article】
 ニュース記事

Read the text below.
A new study claims that eating a bowl of blueberries a day could prevent various kinds of health problems, such as obesity, heart diseases, and diabetes.

The study revealed that eating berries regularly in more than eight weeks can ease or even prevent metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors characterized by obesity, hypertension, inflammation, and glucose intolerance. This condition increases the probability of having heart diseases, stroke, and other conditions affecting blood vessels.

The study was conducted by feeding specially bred obese rats with blueberries equivalent to two cups a day for humans. Eating the berries improved the relaxing and constricting in the blood vessels of the rats, which are crucial on the blood flow and blood pressure. According to the co-author of the study, blueberries contain many substances that can prevent metabolic syndrome.

Blueberries are a rich source of antioxidants called polyphenols that could protect the cells in the heart and aid in lowering blood pressure. This antioxidant also reduces the damage to the lining of blood vessels and deals with glucose intolerance, a condition of having too much sugar in the blood that leads to diabetes.

The researchers emphasized that berries are best eaten when raw. When the fruits are heated, the polyphenol levels are cut by up to a fifth. Baking the berries into pies or muffins also reduces their disease-fighting nutrients. Thus, eating the berries raw is recommended to further maximize the nutritional benefits.

【Viewpoint Discussion】
 ディスカッションテーマ

Enjoy a discussion with your tutor.  

Discussion A

         After reading the article, would you want to eat more blueberries? Why or why not?
         Which do you prefer, eating raw berries or eating the cooked ones? Share your view.

Discussion B

         In your opinion, why do some people suffer from health problems? Please explain.
         What do you think are the ways to be healthy? Share your thoughts to your tutor.


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