3-D face recognition

2D face recognition:-

Traditional 2D face recognition systems are based on standard photo or video pictures  these are not ground-based measurements and are highly sensitive to changes in ambient lighting or view angle. In addition, they are sensitive to changes in scale, facial accessories (make-up, glasses, beards) and aging of the user.

Facial model for both 2D & 3D

3D face recognition:-

Facial detection

• 3D face recognition is based on anthropometric data – precise measurements of cranial structure and rigid tissues. 
• The 3D recognition  template  is extracted from extremely precise geometric data (sub-millimeter ) about the cranial curvature is those areas where rigid tissues are most visible (i.e eye sockets,chin zone, the bridge of a nose). These areas are the most unique and are unchanging over time, and therefore robust to aging or weight changing in the subject.
• The semantic analysis of the face permits the use of “smart” algorithms for facial camouflage.
• The algorithms recognize that the user has grown a beard, and automatically shifts the emphasis of recognition (matching) to the alternate reliable areas of the face.
•  The same system is used for eye glasses/spectacles, where the algorithms register a non-concave area around the eyes.

Structured light approach to 3D:-

Different features for each face.

• The structured light approach to 3D face recognition, eliminates concerns about poor lighting conditions, structured light 3D technology uses its own light source.
•  Structured light 3D face-readers shine an invisible near infrared pattern of a grid on a user’s face and then maps the geographic pattern of the face based on the distortions it causes in the grid pattern. 

  Procedure:-

  Image acquisition->Pre-processing->Feature Extraction->Classification

  

  Image acquisition:-

  Capture face images & generate 3D models.

  Pre-Processing:

  Normalize images into the same position.
  

  Feature Extraction:-

  Extract the features from normalized face images.
  

  Classification:-

  Design a classifier, train it with dataset, and test its validity.
  
  

  Types of 3D Data:-

  •  Point‐Cloud Representation
  • Range Image
  •  Surface‐normal based
  • Curvature‐Based Representation & 3‐D Voxel Representation

  Sensors:-

  – Passive stereo
  • two cameras with a known geometric relationship are used
  – Pure structured light
  • uses a camera and a light projector with a known geometric relationship.
  A light pattern is projected into the scene, detected in an image acquired
  by the camera
  – hybrid of passive stereo and structured lighting
  • a pattern is projected onto the scene and then imaged by a stereo
  camera rig
  • Even under ideal illumination, it is common for artifacts to occur in
  face regions such as oily regions that appear specular, the eyes, and
  regions of facial hair such as eyebrows, mustache, or beard.
  • Depth of field for sensing (.3m for stereo , 1m for structured)
  • Image acquisition time
  • A 3D shape is illumination invariant
  • Making the 3D image from 2D sensors is not
   
  

  Advantages of 3D face recognition:- 

  • Robustness
  • High accuracy
  • Thoroughness
  • Anti-spoofing
  • Interpolation can be solved 

    Disadvantages of 3d  face recognition:-

  • oily parts of the face with high reflectance may introduce artifacts under certain lighting on the surface.
  • 3D capturing technology requires cooperation from a subject.
   
  

Respirocytes

 Problems we are facing today:-

Today’s world is suffering an extreme shortage of donor blood, even with Red Cross receiving 36,000 units a day this doesn’t satisfy the 80,000 that are needed. People that have anemia also run into a blood problem when they’re hemoglobin concentration in the red blood cells fall below normal, which can case severe tissue damage. The root of the problem lies in hemoglobin because it delivers oxygen from the lungs to the body tissue. A possible future solution to this
problem has been purposed by Scientists at the Institute for Molecular
Manufacturing with their mechanical artificial red cell called a “Respirocyte”.

red blood cells

Advanced respirocyte could detect when the oxygen levels reached too low, and only then would it released oxygen as a means of reserve for emergency situatsituations. 

• Respirocytes are hypothetical, artificial red blood cells that can supplement or replace the function of much of the human body's normal respiratory system.
• There are two lines of research connected to the production of respirocytes: purely biomechanical and nanobots with bioengineered parts.

  How respirocytes works:-

• The respirocyte is a nanomedical spherical device made up of a flawless diamond or sapphire shell. This sphere is 100 nanometers in diameter, and due to its size is constructed atom by atom. The sphere will be contained with a high pressure level of oxygen, as well as a mechanical engine, sorting rotors, and other sub-systems.
•  The respirocyte carries gas molecules out of pressurized micro-vessels, to do this micro-rotors are exposed to the interior (the chambers) and exterior (blood plasma) areas of the respirocyte, and through molecular binding the gas is brought into the chamber. The gas is released from the tanks by forcible ejecting the gas by rods. 
• Advanced respirocyte could detect when the oxygen levels reached too low, and only then would it released oxygen as a means of reserve for emergency situatsituations.
• By driving the rotor a particular speed the rotor could release the oxygen at the desired rate. This rotor is powered by combining glucose with oxygen to generate the amount of mechanical energy needed. Perhaps one of the most important factors with the respirocyte is the amount of compressed oxygen it can hold, as well as how long it will last. 
• A liter of blood normally contains around.2 liters of oxygen, the respirocyte contains 530 liters. Using Van de Walls equation it has been calculated, that a mol of oxygen at 1000 atmospheres,occupies .048 liters, and at 1 atmosphere occupies around 25.4 liters. 



carbon carbon bonds

• Theoretically if the resiprocyte could also simultaneously absorb carbon dioxide when it was present in high concentrations in the tissue, and release at low levels it could remove a major product of metabolic activity, and there wouldn’t even be a need for red blood cells in the body.
•  This type of respirocyte would also be around 1000 times more efficient then normal red blood cells.  

  Problems with respirocytes:-

  
  
  

   

• The issue of problems that could occur with a  respirocyte is, respirocyte is a nanometers in size it would produce an oxygen bubble nanometers in size, therefore if a complication did occur the result wouldn’t be so sever. 
• Another problem discussed is placing the respirocytes in the body and how they will be accepted. The surface could have a variety of "camouflage" molecules covalently bound to its surface thereforeinteracting more friendly with the body.
• Respirocytes mimic the action of the natural hemoglobin filled red blood cells. The design of the spherical nanorobot is made up of 18 billion atoms arranged as a tiny pressure tank. The tank can be filled up with oxygen and carbon dioxide, making one complete transfer point at the lungs, and the reverse transfer at the body's tissues.

Respirocytes qualify as molecular nanotechnology a field of technology still in the very earliest, purely theoretical phases of development. Current technology could not build a respirocyte due to considerations of power, immune reaction or computation,toxic. 

Muscle fatigue:-

Muscle fatigue results from inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles during intense exercise, leading to inefficient anaerobic respiration (absence of oxygen). If respirocytes could increase the supply of oxygen despite exercise, it should be possible to reduce muscle fatigue, increasing a person's endurance. Because respirocytes and related technologies would, if successful, improve the user's abilities beyond normal human limits, their design is associated with the transhumanism movement which concerns itself with such advances.

Each respirocyte could store and transport 236 times more oxygen than a natural red blood cell, and could release it in a more controlled manner. If an adult human's red blood cells were entirely replaced with these devices, that person could hold his/her breath underwater for hours, or sprint at top speed for at least 15 minutes without taking a breath.

Hair transplantation

Hair transplantation Treatment:- 

Hair transplantation means, transplanting live hair roots onto the bald area (recipient area).

•  These transplanted hair roots behave in the same manner as the hair from the area where they are extracted. 
• These transplanted hairs after growth can be cut regularly. 
• These can be shampooed or dyed if required. 
• These hairs don’t require any medicines to maintain the growth as it occurs naturally and permanently.
• Even after complete shaving or tonsuring, these hairs will grow back and tend to do so for the rest of the life.
•  Transplanted hair roots should be bald resistant. 
• And these bald resistant hair roots are usually present on the back or sides of the scalp(donor).
• Baldness occurs due to permanent loss of hair roots.
• No amount of oil , massage or medicines can put life back into the dead roots. Hair transplant HT offers a scientific solution by implanting new hair roots.
• It is well known that hair on the back (occipital) region of the head almost never fall off due to a genetic tendency to remain permanent. 
  
  
  • HT is based on the concept that if hair roots taken from the back region are transplanted to the area of baldness, they will, after a short period of effluvium,continue to grow hair in the new site for as long as they would have in their original site.
  •  Follicular micro or mini grafts are used to provide the desired density of hair.
  • The density of the hair depends on the number of grafts present per sq. cm. Each sq. cm area of normal scalp contains more than 80 follicular units. 
  • Hence, in the bald area, more the number of grafts transplanted the denser the appearance.
  •  More than 40 follicular units per sq. cm should be implanted to give the natural look.
  • Transplanting around 40 FU s/sq. cm is not an easy task as it requires lot of technical skill.
  •  This particular skill of transplanting more number of grafts is called dense packing.

    Male baldness:- 

  Male pattern baldness is the common type of hair loss and it effects most men at some stage or the other.
  
  Typically, at first the hair begins to recede (thin) at the front. At the same time, the hair usually becomes thin on the top of the head. A bald patch gradually develops in the middle of the scalp. The receding front, and the bald patch on the top gradually enlarge and join together. A rim of hair is often left around the back and sides of the scalp. In some men, this rim of hair also thins and goes to leave a completely bald scalp.
  Hair Transplantation is an outpatient procedure done under local anesthesia. Postoperative overnight bandage is used. Patient can go home the same day.

The process of transplantation is done in sessions if the area to be covered is more.. Transplanting more number of grafts at a single session can be termed as mega and super mega sessions depending upon the number of grafts transplanted.

• Mega session means transplanting >2000 follicular units (3500 follicles in a  single session and super mega session comprises of transplanting > 2,800 follicular units ( 5000). A session can be termed as Giga Session, if >5000 follicular units i.e 8000 follicles have been transplanted at one go.  

Side effects of  Hair transplantation:-

• Thinning:-This is a normal post-operative condition and the thickness comes back within a few months after surgery. 
• Bleeding:- Putting pressure on the area will usually stop the bleeding. In rare situations, the bleeding does not stop so it might be necessary for the surgeon to do some extra stitching to close the wounds. 
• Pain :-There is actually very little pain  involved with the actual hair transplant surgery. About half of the people who have the procedure done will not need any pain relievers at all. Most others take a mild pain reliever such as Tylenol for a few days, and that seems to be enough for them. 
• Itching :- It should not last more than a few days. Using shampoo to wash your hair every day will helps with this problem to diminish. 
• Infections :- One reason they do not happen more often is that antibiotics are given before and after the procedure to prevent infections from even starting .
• Swelling :-Just about everyone who has had hair transplant surgery has experienced swelling in the forehead and around the eyes. This lasts for only a few days with the worst being of it appearing on the fourth day. For some, a black eye may result.
• Scarring:- If you have keloid scarring after hair transplant surgery, it is probably because you are genetically inclined to have it. Very infrequently, patients have scarring that takes the form of ridges.
  
• Hiccups:-. Only about 5 percent of the patients have this problem, but it can be troublesome if it lasts more than a few days as it can keep you from eating or sleeping properly. If this does occur, doctors have medications they can prescribe to help aide with this.  
• Numbness :- Patients typically report feeling numbness for several weeks after the surgery. This is only temporary.
• Cysts:- Cysts can appear in the areas where hair is being transplanted, also called the recipient areas, but they do not usually last more than a few weeks and are rarely more than the size of small pimples. 

  Hair transplantation cost:-

  • A quality custom hair replacement system on average costs $1,200 and needs to be replaced about once a year. 
  • It then needs to be reattached and groomed every 5 to 6 weeks for about $75 per visit or $675 per year.

Biomechanics of Artificial Heart Valves

Today Cardiac surgery has advanced tremendously to enable repair of all cogenital heart defects, replacement of damaged hear valves and bypassing of coronary blocks.

• About 1 in 100o babies is born with deformed heart and 1/3 of them died in infancy.
• The imperfect functioning of the heart valve is due to various defects like hole  in the heart , arterial septal defects and ventricular septal defects.
• when the major vessels of the heart are wrongly  connected, then there is mixing of pure and impure blood.

Normal heart valve

Prosthetic valves:- 

• These are made from high grade plastic and metal.
• they need life long coagulating agent blood thinning agent. 
• the average durability of these valves is about 8 to 10 years.

Tissue valves:-

• They may be neither homograft or heterograft.
• homograft valves are taken from human beings.
• heterograft valves are taken from animals.
• Here blood thinning s not necessary.
• The average durability of these valve is smaller than the prosthetic valves.

Artificial pig valve

•   Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood, which ensuresthe proper direction of blood flow through the circulatory system. Without these valves, the heart would have to work much harder to push blood into adjacent chambers. The heart is composed of 4 valves

1. The Tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
2.  The Pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
3.  The Aortic valve is between ventricle and the aorta .
4.  The Mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle. It opens and closes to control
   blood flowing into the left side of the heart.

Requirements for the design of artificial heart valves:-

• When the artificial heart valve is in contact with the blood , there would not be any hemolysis or blood clots.
• The valve material must be tough enough to withstand the heart beat rate thrugh out the life of the patient.
•  It should be designed small, light, reliable and efficient enough to enable it to be inserted surgically into the heart.

  

  Aortic valve

Mechanical Heart Valve:-

• Prosthetic Heart Valves are fabricated of different biomaterials. 
• Biomaterials are designed to fit the peculiar requirements of blood flow through the specific chambersof the heart, with emphasis on producing more central flow and reducing blood clots. 
• Some of these biomaterials are alumina, titanium, carbon, polyester, polyurethane...
• The mechanical properties of these biomaterials involve how a material responds to the application of a force. 
• The three fundamental types of forces that can be applied are stretching (tension), bending, or twisting. 
• Materials respond to the forces by deforming (change in shape). 
• An elastic response is reversible, while an inelastic response is irreversible. In the elastic region, an elastic modulus relates the relative deformation a material undergoes to the stress that is applied. 
• The transition between elastic deformation and failure occurs at the yield point (or stress) of the material. In designing a component with the material, an inelastic response is considered failure. 



Leaflet valve

• Failure can be plastic deformation or ductile failure. It can also be breaking, including brittle failure or fracture.

• Mitral Valve Replacement Valve replacement is done when valve repair is not possible.Artificial Heart valve is the last solution for people with a damage heart valve caused by any disease as regurgitation.In valve replacement surgery, an artificial prosthetic valve replaces the damaged mitral valve. The two types of artificial valves are mechanical and tissue. Mechanical valves, which are made of biomaterials,

  

  artificial mitral valve

  
  may last a long time. However the patient with a mechanical valve must use an anticoagulant medication such as warfarin (Panwarfin) for the rest of life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve. If a blood clot forms on the valve, the valve won’t work properly. If a clot escapes the valve, it could lodge in an artery to the brain, blocking blood flow to the brain and causing a stroke. Tissue valves are made of biological tissue such as a pig’s valve. These kinds of valves are called bioprostheses. These may wear out over time and may need to be replaced in another operation. However the tissue valve can avoid use of long-term anticoagulation medication. Mitral valve repair or replacement involves open-heart surgery. Through an incision in the breastbone (sternum), the heart is exposed and connected to a heart-lung machine that assumes the breathing and blood circulation during the procedure. The surgeon then replaces or repairs the valve. After the operation, which lasts several hours, the patient spends one or more days in an intensive care unit, where the general recovery is closely monitored.

Implantable artificial kidney

Hemo Dialysis:- 

 

The goal of Hemo Dialysis is to replace the kidneys’ excretory function. To accomplish this goal, blood and dialysate are circulated in opposite directions (counter current) on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane in the dialyzer  allowing unwanted solutes such as potassium, urea, and phosphorus to diffuse from the blood into the dialysate and permitting addition of solutes such as bicarbonate and calcium from the dialysate into blood. 

The concentrations of the solutes added to the dialysate mirror those normally maintained in the body by the native kidneys. An additional goal is the elimination of excess water volume via ultrafiltration, accomplished by controlling the hydrostatic pressure gradient across the semipermeable membrane .
 
Implantable Artificial kidney:-
The artificial kidney project, which is targeted for clinical trials in 2017, was selected for its transformative potential in treating end stage renal disease and for its potential to benefit from early interactions with the FDA in the approval process.

End-stage renal disease, or chronic kidney failure, affects nearly 2 million people worldwide, including more than 570,000 in the United States, and costs the nation almost $40 billion each year for treatment. The most effective treatment is kidney transplantation, but those organs are in short supply; last year, only 16,812 kidneys were available for transplant, leaving 92,000patients on the waiting list, according to the Organ Procurement ant Transplant Network.
The UCSF artificial kidney, or implantable Renal Assist Device (iRAD) would include thousands of microscopic filters as well as a bioreactor to mimic the metabolic and water-balancing roles of a real kidney.

Implantable Artificial Kidney

Transesophageal Echocardiography

CX50 xMATRIX

• The CX50 xMATRIX, that features Live 3D TEE (transesophageal echocardiography).
• Philips has betrayed its first portable ultrasound.
• CX50 xMATRIX is very compact than iE33 xMATRIX.
• In clinical evaluations the Live 3D TEE image quality is excellent and, with the new user interface, 3D imaging is really intuitive. In imaging TAVR procedures with the CX50, I am able to easily switch back and forth between 2D and 3D during the critical time when we are positioning the valve.
• The new CX50 xMATRIX is a versatile system that provides hospitals with high quality portable imaging to promote better patient care..

Advantages:-

v    Portable

v    Reliable

v    Versatile

v    Compact in size

                                   

Features:-

Along with the new CX50 xMATRIX, Philips announced the Vision 2013 upgrade for existing CX50 cardiology customers.  Vision 2013 includes:

• Qlab 9.0 with improved speckle tracking algorithm for faster, more robust strain quantification
• Available C8-5 and L12-5 50mm transducers for specialized vascular imaging requirements.
• Available S12-4 and S8-3 sector transducers for pediatric and neonatal imaging.
• New pediatric analysis and structured reporting capabilities.
• Vascular structured reporting.
• Improved annotations and workflow.