New cure for cancer obesity

Antibodies Act As Immunogens:-

Antibody

•Antigenic Determinants on Abs Fall in 3 Categories:-

             •Isotypic:-

–Constant Region Of Ab.

–If you inject Ab in a different species Anti-Isotype is generated.

•Allotype:-

Obese

–If injected with such Ab you generate anti-allotype Ab

•Ex. During pregnancy

•Blood transfusion

•Idiotype:-

Unique VH AND VL binds antigen but can also 

behave as antigenic determinant.

•If you inject a monoclonal antibody into a genetically identical recipient then anti-idiotypic antibodies are generated.

Innovations in medicine:-

Capillary growth

Immuno proteasome

• Technique for constructing amino acid sequences, then linking them together to form a synthetic antibody, or synbody, that can bind with one or more protein molecules contained in the vast repository of human proteins—the proteome.
•  “Traditional antibodies are made by taking the protein you want to bind,”.These antibodies, or the cells that produce them, are then extracted.
• Rather than beginning with a protein in order to produce an antibody, the new technique involves building an antibody first.
• To accomplish this, a 20-unit random sequence of amino acids are joined together like beads on a necklace to form a peptide. By uniting two of these peptide chains, linked together by means of a chemical scaffold, a binding molecule or ligand is created, which can attach to a specific protein with high affinity. 
• The resulting synbody may then be screened against a multitude of human proteins, to find its mate.The strategy relies on the fact that the binding affinity of two such amino acid sequences is the product of their combined affinity, allowing two peptides with weak attraction to a given protein to be joined to produce a synbody with strong binding properties.
• Remarkably, the assemblage of both the individual peptides and the synbody are carried out randomly.The raw material for the synbody comes from a library of 10,000 peptides, with each amino acid sequence randomly composed.
•  Each resulting linear peptide chain is able to find 2 or 3 points of contact with virtually any protein.
•  When two such peptides are combined to form a synbody, a high-affinity ligand is produced, displaying specificity for a given protein.  
• To create a synbody to a particular disease protein on the other hand, the protein is exposed to multiple peptides. Once two are identified that link to the protein, they may be combined into a disease-specific synbody—an effective, though much slower process.

Advantage:-

•  The use of synbodies is that they remain stable over time, unlike their biological counterparts, making them far more suitable for diagnostic assays.
• Exposing random synbodies to multiple proteins helps build a library of effective ligands over time.